Global phylogeography and evolutionary history of Shigella dysenteriae type 1.
Identifieur interne : 001E07 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001E06; suivant : 001E08Global phylogeography and evolutionary history of Shigella dysenteriae type 1.
Auteurs : Elisabeth Njamkepo [France] ; Nizar Fawal [France] ; Alicia Tran-Dien [France] ; Jane Hawkey [Australie] ; Nancy Strockbine [États-Unis] ; Claire Jenkins [Royaume-Uni] ; Kaisar A. Talukder [Bangladesh] ; Raymond Bercion [République centrafricaine] ; Konstantin Kuleshov [Russie] ; Renáta Kolínská [République tchèque] ; Julie E. Russell [Royaume-Uni] ; Lidia Kaftyreva [Russie] ; Marie Accou-Demartin [France] ; Andreas Karas [Afrique du Sud] ; Olivier Vandenberg [Belgique] ; Alison E. Mather [Royaume-Uni] ; Carl J. Mason [Thaïlande] ; Andrew J. Page [Royaume-Uni] ; Thandavarayan Ramamurthy [Inde] ; Chantal Bizet [France] ; Andrzej Gamian [Pologne] ; Isabelle Carle [France] ; Amy Gassama Sow [Sénégal] ; Christiane Bouchier [France] ; Astrid Louise Wester [Norvège] ; Monique Lejay-Collin [France] ; Marie-Christine Fonkoua [Cameroun] ; Simon Le Hello [France] ; Martin J. Blaser [États-Unis] ; Cecilia Jernberg [Suède] ; Corinne Ruckly [France] ; Audrey Mérens [France] ; Anne-Laure Page [France] ; Martin Aslett [Royaume-Uni] ; Peter Roggentin [Allemagne] ; Angelika Fruth [Allemagne] ; Erick Denamur [France] ; Malabi Venkatesan [États-Unis] ; Hervé Bercovier [Israël] ; Ladaporn Bodhidatta [Thaïlande] ; Chien-Shun Chiou [Taïwan] ; Dominique Clermont [France] ; Bianca Colonna [Italie] ; Svetlana Egorova [Russie] ; Gururaja P. Pazhani [Inde] ; Analia V. Ezernitchi [Israël] ; Ghislaine Guigon [France] ; Simon R. Harris [Royaume-Uni] ; Hidemasa Izumiya [Japon] ; Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal [Pologne] ; Anna Luty Ska [Pologne] ; Malika Gouali [France] ; Francine Grimont [France] ; Céline Langendorf [France] ; Monika Marejková [République tchèque] ; Lorea A M. Peterson [Canada] ; Guillermo Perez-Perez [États-Unis] ; Antoinette Ngandjio [Cameroun] ; Alexander Podkolzin [Russie] ; Erika Souche [France] ; Mariia Makarova [Russie] ; German A. Shipulin [Russie] ; Changyun Ye [République populaire de Chine] ; Helena Žemli Ková [République tchèque] ; Mária Herpay [Hongrie] ; Patrick A D. Grimont [France] ; Julian Parkhill [Royaume-Uni] ; Philippe Sansonetti [France] ; Kathryn E. Holt [Australie] ; Sylvain Brisse [France] ; Nicholas R. Thomson [Royaume-Uni] ; François-Xavier Weill [France]Source :
- Nature microbiology [ 2058-5276 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Together with plague, smallpox and typhus, epidemics of dysentery have been a major scourge of human populations for centuries(1). A previous genomic study concluded that Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), the epidemic dysentery bacillus, emerged and spread worldwide after the First World War, with no clear pattern of transmission(2). This is not consistent with the massive cyclic dysentery epidemics reported in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries(1,3,4) and the first isolation of Sd1 in Japan in 1897(5). Here, we report a whole-genome analysis of 331 Sd1 isolates from around the world, collected between 1915 and 2011, providing us with unprecedented insight into the historical spread of this pathogen. We show here that Sd1 has existed since at least the eighteenth century and that it swept the globe at the end of the nineteenth century, diversifying into distinct lineages associated with the First World War, Second World War and various conflicts or natural disasters across Africa, Asia and Central America. We also provide a unique historical perspective on the evolution of antibiotic resistance over a 100-year period, beginning decades before the antibiotic era, and identify a prevalent multiple antibiotic-resistant lineage in South Asia that was transmitted in several waves to Africa, where it caused severe outbreaks of disease.
DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.27
PubMed: 27572446
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Allemagne, Australie, Bangladesh, Belgique, Cameroun, Canada, France, Hongrie, Inde, Israël, Italie, Japon, Norvège, Pologne, Royaume-Uni, Russie, République centrafricaine, République populaire de Chine, République tchèque, Suède, Sénégal, Taïwan, Thaïlande, États-Unis
- Bohême centrale, District fédéral central, Hambourg, Latium, Victoria (État), Vienne (Autriche), Île-de-France, Østlandet
- Hambourg, Melbourne, Moscou, Oslo, Paris, Prague, Pékin, Rome, Vienne (Autriche)
- Université de Melbourne
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Russell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health England, National Collection of Type Cultures, Porton Down SP4 0JG, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health England, National Collection of Type Cultures, Porton Down SP4 0JG</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Porton Down SP4 0JG</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaftyreva, Lidia" sort="Kaftyreva, Lidia" uniqKey="Kaftyreva L" first="Lidia" last="Kaftyreva">Lidia Kaftyreva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>St Petersburg 197101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Accou Demartin, Marie" sort="Accou Demartin, Marie" uniqKey="Accou Demartin M" first="Marie" last="Accou-Demartin">Marie Accou-Demartin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karas, Andreas" sort="Karas, Andreas" uniqKey="Karas A" first="Andreas" last="Karas">Andreas Karas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban 4041</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandenberg, Olivier" sort="Vandenberg, Olivier" uniqKey="Vandenberg O" first="Olivier" last="Vandenberg">Olivier Vandenberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, LHUB-ULB, Brussels University Hospitals Laboratory, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, LHUB-ULB, Brussels University Hospitals Laboratory, 1000 Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mather, Alison E" sort="Mather, Alison E" uniqKey="Mather A" first="Alison E" last="Mather">Alison E. Mather</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mason, Carl J" sort="Mason, Carl J" uniqKey="Mason C" first="Carl J" last="Mason">Carl J. Mason</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangkok 10400</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Page, Andrew J" sort="Page, Andrew J" uniqKey="Page A" first="Andrew J" last="Page">Andrew J. Page</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan" sort="Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan" uniqKey="Ramamurthy T" first="Thandavarayan" last="Ramamurthy">Thandavarayan Ramamurthy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>West Bengal 700010</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bizet, Chantal" sort="Bizet, Chantal" uniqKey="Bizet C" first="Chantal" last="Bizet">Chantal Bizet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Collection de l'Institut Pasteur (CIP), 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Collection de l'Institut Pasteur (CIP), 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gamian, Andrzej" sort="Gamian, Andrzej" uniqKey="Gamian A" first="Andrzej" last="Gamian">Andrzej Gamian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Polish Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Polish Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wroclaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>53-114 Wroclaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carle, Isabelle" sort="Carle, Isabelle" uniqKey="Carle I" first="Isabelle" last="Carle">Isabelle Carle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sow, Amy Gassama" sort="Sow, Amy Gassama" uniqKey="Sow A" first="Amy Gassama" last="Sow">Amy Gassama Sow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouchier, Christiane" sort="Bouchier, Christiane" uniqKey="Bouchier C" first="Christiane" last="Bouchier">Christiane Bouchier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Génomique (PF1), 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Génomique (PF1), 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wester, Astrid Louise" sort="Wester, Astrid Louise" uniqKey="Wester A" first="Astrid Louise" last="Wester">Astrid Louise Wester</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Foodborne Infections, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen 0403, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Foodborne Infections, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen 0403, Oslo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement><region nuts="2">Østlandet</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lejay Collin, Monique" sort="Lejay Collin, Monique" uniqKey="Lejay Collin M" first="Monique" last="Lejay-Collin">Monique Lejay-Collin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonkoua, Marie Christine" sort="Fonkoua, Marie Christine" uniqKey="Fonkoua M" first="Marie-Christine" last="Fonkoua">Marie-Christine Fonkoua</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hello, Simon Le" sort="Hello, Simon Le" uniqKey="Hello S" first="Simon Le" last="Hello">Simon Le Hello</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blaser, Martin J" sort="Blaser, Martin J" uniqKey="Blaser M" first="Martin J" last="Blaser">Martin J. Blaser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10016</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jernberg, Cecilia" sort="Jernberg, Cecilia" uniqKey="Jernberg C" first="Cecilia" last="Jernberg">Cecilia Jernberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Agency of Sweden, 17182 Solna, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Agency of Sweden, 17182 Solna</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>17182 Solna</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruckly, Corinne" sort="Ruckly, Corinne" uniqKey="Ruckly C" first="Corinne" last="Ruckly">Corinne Ruckly</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Merens, Audrey" sort="Merens, Audrey" uniqKey="Merens A" first="Audrey" last="Mérens">Audrey Mérens</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biology Department and Infection Control Unit, Bégin Military Hospital, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Biology Department and Infection Control Unit, Bégin Military Hospital, 94160 Saint-Mandé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>94160 Saint-Mandé</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>94160 Saint-Mandé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Page, Anne Laure" sort="Page, Anne Laure" uniqKey="Page A" first="Anne-Laure" last="Page">Anne-Laure Page</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Epicentre, 75011 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Epicentre, 75011 Paris</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75011 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aslett, Martin" sort="Aslett, Martin" uniqKey="Aslett M" first="Martin" last="Aslett">Martin Aslett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roggentin, Peter" sort="Roggentin, Peter" uniqKey="Roggentin P" first="Peter" last="Roggentin">Peter Roggentin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut für Hygiene und Umwelt, 20539 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut für Hygiene und Umwelt, 20539 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20539 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fruth, Angelika" sort="Fruth, Angelika" uniqKey="Fruth A" first="Angelika" last="Fruth">Angelika Fruth</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Divison of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institut, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Divison of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institut, 38855 Wernigerode</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>38855 Wernigerode</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>38855 Wernigerode</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>38855 Wernigerode</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Denamur, Erick" sort="Denamur, Erick" uniqKey="Denamur E" first="Erick" last="Denamur">Erick Denamur</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Univ. Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Univ. Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75018 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venkatesan, Malabi" sort="Venkatesan, Malabi" uniqKey="Venkatesan M" first="Malabi" last="Venkatesan">Malabi Venkatesan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20910</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bercovier, Herve" sort="Bercovier, Herve" uniqKey="Bercovier H" first="Hervé" last="Bercovier">Hervé Bercovier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem 91120</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bodhidatta, Ladaporn" sort="Bodhidatta, Ladaporn" uniqKey="Bodhidatta L" first="Ladaporn" last="Bodhidatta">Ladaporn Bodhidatta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangkok 10400</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiou, Chien Shun" sort="Chiou, Chien Shun" uniqKey="Chiou C" first="Chien-Shun" last="Chiou">Chien-Shun Chiou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center of Research and Diagnostics, Centers for Disease Control, Taichung 40855, Taiwan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Center of Research and Diagnostics, Centers for Disease Control, Taichung 40855</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Taichung 40855</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clermont, Dominique" sort="Clermont, Dominique" uniqKey="Clermont D" first="Dominique" last="Clermont">Dominique Clermont</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Collection de l'Institut Pasteur (CIP), 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Collection de l'Institut Pasteur (CIP), 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Colonna, Bianca" sort="Colonna, Bianca" uniqKey="Colonna B" first="Bianca" last="Colonna">Bianca Colonna</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Roma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Roma</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Egorova, Svetlana" sort="Egorova, Svetlana" uniqKey="Egorova S" first="Svetlana" last="Egorova">Svetlana Egorova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>St Petersburg 197101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pazhani, Gururaja P" sort="Pazhani, Gururaja P" uniqKey="Pazhani G" first="Gururaja P" last="Pazhani">Gururaja P. Pazhani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>West Bengal 700010</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ezernitchi, Analia V" sort="Ezernitchi, Analia V" uniqKey="Ezernitchi A" first="Analia V" last="Ezernitchi">Analia V. Ezernitchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 91342, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 91342</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem 91342</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guigon, Ghislaine" sort="Guigon, Ghislaine" uniqKey="Guigon G" first="Ghislaine" last="Guigon">Ghislaine Guigon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Simon R" sort="Harris, Simon R" uniqKey="Harris S" first="Simon R" last="Harris">Simon R. Harris</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Izumiya, Hidemasa" sort="Izumiya, Hidemasa" uniqKey="Izumiya H" first="Hidemasa" last="Izumiya">Hidemasa Izumiya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>162-8640</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Korzeniowska Kowal, Agnieszka" sort="Korzeniowska Kowal, Agnieszka" uniqKey="Korzeniowska Kowal A" first="Agnieszka" last="Korzeniowska-Kowal">Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Polish Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Polish Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wroclaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>53-114 Wroclaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luty Ska, Anna" sort="Luty Ska, Anna" uniqKey="Luty Ska A" first="Anna" last="Luty Ska">Anna Luty Ska</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, 00-791 Warsaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>00-791 Warsaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gouali, Malika" sort="Gouali, Malika" uniqKey="Gouali M" first="Malika" last="Gouali">Malika Gouali</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grimont, Francine" sort="Grimont, Francine" uniqKey="Grimont F" first="Francine" last="Grimont">Francine Grimont</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langendorf, Celine" sort="Langendorf, Celine" uniqKey="Langendorf C" first="Céline" last="Langendorf">Céline Langendorf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Epicentre, 75011 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Epicentre, 75011 Paris</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75011 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marejkova, Monika" sort="Marejkova, Monika" uniqKey="Marejkova M" first="Monika" last="Marejková">Monika Marejková</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella, National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella, National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peterson, Lorea A M" sort="Peterson, Lorea A M" uniqKey="Peterson L" first="Lorea A M" last="Peterson">Lorea A M. Peterson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Manitoba R3E 3R2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Perez, Guillermo" sort="Perez Perez, Guillermo" uniqKey="Perez Perez G" first="Guillermo" last="Perez-Perez">Guillermo Perez-Perez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10016</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngandjio, Antoinette" sort="Ngandjio, Antoinette" uniqKey="Ngandjio A" first="Antoinette" last="Ngandjio">Antoinette Ngandjio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Podkolzin, Alexander" sort="Podkolzin, Alexander" uniqKey="Podkolzin A" first="Alexander" last="Podkolzin">Alexander Podkolzin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souche, Erika" sort="Souche, Erika" uniqKey="Souche E" first="Erika" last="Souche">Erika Souche</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Makarova, Mariia" sort="Makarova, Mariia" uniqKey="Makarova M" first="Mariia" last="Makarova">Mariia Makarova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>St Petersburg 197101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shipulin, German A" sort="Shipulin, German A" uniqKey="Shipulin G" first="German A" last="Shipulin">German A. Shipulin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Changyun" sort="Ye, Changyun" uniqKey="Ye C" first="Changyun" last="Ye">Changyun Ye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zemli Kova, Helena" sort="Zemli Kova, Helena" uniqKey="Zemli Kova H" first="Helena" last="Žemli Ková">Helena Žemli Ková</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Czech National Collection of Type Cultures (CNCTC), National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Czech National Collection of Type Cultures (CNCTC), National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herpay, Maria" sort="Herpay, Maria" uniqKey="Herpay M" first="Mária" last="Herpay">Mária Herpay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hungarian National Collection of Medical Bacteria, National Center for Epidemiology, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country><wicri:regionArea>Hungarian National Collection of Medical Bacteria, National Center for Epidemiology, H-1097 Budapest</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>H-1097 Budapest</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grimont, Patrick A D" sort="Grimont, Patrick A D" uniqKey="Grimont P" first="Patrick A D" last="Grimont">Patrick A D. Grimont</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parkhill, Julian" sort="Parkhill, Julian" uniqKey="Parkhill J" first="Julian" last="Parkhill">Julian Parkhill</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sansonetti, Philippe" sort="Sansonetti, Philippe" uniqKey="Sansonetti P" first="Philippe" last="Sansonetti">Philippe Sansonetti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holt, Kathryn E" sort="Holt, Kathryn E" uniqKey="Holt K" first="Kathryn E" last="Holt">Kathryn E. Holt</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brisse, Sylvain" sort="Brisse, Sylvain" uniqKey="Brisse S" first="Sylvain" last="Brisse">Sylvain Brisse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomson, Nicholas R" sort="Thomson, Nicholas R" uniqKey="Thomson N" first="Nicholas R" last="Thomson">Nicholas R. Thomson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weill, Francois Xavier" sort="Weill, Francois Xavier" uniqKey="Weill F" first="François-Xavier" last="Weill">François-Xavier Weill</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27572446</idno><idno type="pmid">27572446</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.27</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002168</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002168</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002142</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002142</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002142</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002142</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">003A61</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">003A61</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">003A61</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001E04</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001E07</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001E07</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Global phylogeography and evolutionary history of Shigella dysenteriae type 1.</title><author><name sortKey="Njamkepo, Elisabeth" sort="Njamkepo, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Njamkepo E" first="Elisabeth" last="Njamkepo">Elisabeth Njamkepo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fawal, Nizar" sort="Fawal, Nizar" uniqKey="Fawal N" first="Nizar" last="Fawal">Nizar Fawal</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tran Dien, Alicia" sort="Tran Dien, Alicia" uniqKey="Tran Dien A" first="Alicia" last="Tran-Dien">Alicia Tran-Dien</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkey, Jane" sort="Hawkey, Jane" uniqKey="Hawkey J" first="Jane" last="Hawkey">Jane Hawkey</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strockbine, Nancy" sort="Strockbine, Nancy" uniqKey="Strockbine N" first="Nancy" last="Strockbine">Nancy Strockbine</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Escherichia and Shigella Reference Unit, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Escherichia and Shigella Reference Unit, Atlanta, Georgia 30333</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Georgia 30333</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jenkins, Claire" sort="Jenkins, Claire" uniqKey="Jenkins C" first="Claire" last="Jenkins">Claire Jenkins</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health England, Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Colindale NW9 5HT, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health England, Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Colindale NW9 5HT</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Colindale NW9 5HT</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Talukder, Kaisar A" sort="Talukder, Kaisar A" uniqKey="Talukder K" first="Kaisar A" last="Talukder">Kaisar A. Talukder</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>icddr,b, Enteric and Food Microbiology Laboratory, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>icddr,b, Enteric and Food Microbiology Laboratory, Dhaka 1212</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1212</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bercion, Raymond" sort="Bercion, Raymond" uniqKey="Bercion R" first="Raymond" last="Bercion">Raymond Bercion</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, République Centrafricaine.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République centrafricaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangui</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuleshov, Konstantin" sort="Kuleshov, Konstantin" uniqKey="Kuleshov K" first="Konstantin" last="Kuleshov">Konstantin Kuleshov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolinska, Renata" sort="Kolinska, Renata" uniqKey="Kolinska R" first="Renáta" last="Kolínská">Renáta Kolínská</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Czech National Collection of Type Cultures (CNCTC), National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Czech National Collection of Type Cultures (CNCTC), National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Russell, Julie E" sort="Russell, Julie E" uniqKey="Russell J" first="Julie E" last="Russell">Julie E. Russell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health England, National Collection of Type Cultures, Porton Down SP4 0JG, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health England, National Collection of Type Cultures, Porton Down SP4 0JG</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Porton Down SP4 0JG</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaftyreva, Lidia" sort="Kaftyreva, Lidia" uniqKey="Kaftyreva L" first="Lidia" last="Kaftyreva">Lidia Kaftyreva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>St Petersburg 197101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Accou Demartin, Marie" sort="Accou Demartin, Marie" uniqKey="Accou Demartin M" first="Marie" last="Accou-Demartin">Marie Accou-Demartin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karas, Andreas" sort="Karas, Andreas" uniqKey="Karas A" first="Andreas" last="Karas">Andreas Karas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban 4041</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandenberg, Olivier" sort="Vandenberg, Olivier" uniqKey="Vandenberg O" first="Olivier" last="Vandenberg">Olivier Vandenberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, LHUB-ULB, Brussels University Hospitals Laboratory, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, LHUB-ULB, Brussels University Hospitals Laboratory, 1000 Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mather, Alison E" sort="Mather, Alison E" uniqKey="Mather A" first="Alison E" last="Mather">Alison E. Mather</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mason, Carl J" sort="Mason, Carl J" uniqKey="Mason C" first="Carl J" last="Mason">Carl J. Mason</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangkok 10400</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Page, Andrew J" sort="Page, Andrew J" uniqKey="Page A" first="Andrew J" last="Page">Andrew J. Page</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan" sort="Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan" uniqKey="Ramamurthy T" first="Thandavarayan" last="Ramamurthy">Thandavarayan Ramamurthy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>West Bengal 700010</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bizet, Chantal" sort="Bizet, Chantal" uniqKey="Bizet C" first="Chantal" last="Bizet">Chantal Bizet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Collection de l'Institut Pasteur (CIP), 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Collection de l'Institut Pasteur (CIP), 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gamian, Andrzej" sort="Gamian, Andrzej" uniqKey="Gamian A" first="Andrzej" last="Gamian">Andrzej Gamian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Polish Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Polish Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wroclaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>53-114 Wroclaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carle, Isabelle" sort="Carle, Isabelle" uniqKey="Carle I" first="Isabelle" last="Carle">Isabelle Carle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sow, Amy Gassama" sort="Sow, Amy Gassama" uniqKey="Sow A" first="Amy Gassama" last="Sow">Amy Gassama Sow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouchier, Christiane" sort="Bouchier, Christiane" uniqKey="Bouchier C" first="Christiane" last="Bouchier">Christiane Bouchier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Génomique (PF1), 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Génomique (PF1), 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wester, Astrid Louise" sort="Wester, Astrid Louise" uniqKey="Wester A" first="Astrid Louise" last="Wester">Astrid Louise Wester</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Foodborne Infections, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen 0403, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Foodborne Infections, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen 0403, Oslo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement><region nuts="2">Østlandet</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lejay Collin, Monique" sort="Lejay Collin, Monique" uniqKey="Lejay Collin M" first="Monique" last="Lejay-Collin">Monique Lejay-Collin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonkoua, Marie Christine" sort="Fonkoua, Marie Christine" uniqKey="Fonkoua M" first="Marie-Christine" last="Fonkoua">Marie-Christine Fonkoua</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hello, Simon Le" sort="Hello, Simon Le" uniqKey="Hello S" first="Simon Le" last="Hello">Simon Le Hello</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blaser, Martin J" sort="Blaser, Martin J" uniqKey="Blaser M" first="Martin J" last="Blaser">Martin J. Blaser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10016</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jernberg, Cecilia" sort="Jernberg, Cecilia" uniqKey="Jernberg C" first="Cecilia" last="Jernberg">Cecilia Jernberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Agency of Sweden, 17182 Solna, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Agency of Sweden, 17182 Solna</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>17182 Solna</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruckly, Corinne" sort="Ruckly, Corinne" uniqKey="Ruckly C" first="Corinne" last="Ruckly">Corinne Ruckly</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Merens, Audrey" sort="Merens, Audrey" uniqKey="Merens A" first="Audrey" last="Mérens">Audrey Mérens</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biology Department and Infection Control Unit, Bégin Military Hospital, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Biology Department and Infection Control Unit, Bégin Military Hospital, 94160 Saint-Mandé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>94160 Saint-Mandé</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>94160 Saint-Mandé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Page, Anne Laure" sort="Page, Anne Laure" uniqKey="Page A" first="Anne-Laure" last="Page">Anne-Laure Page</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Epicentre, 75011 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Epicentre, 75011 Paris</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75011 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aslett, Martin" sort="Aslett, Martin" uniqKey="Aslett M" first="Martin" last="Aslett">Martin Aslett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roggentin, Peter" sort="Roggentin, Peter" uniqKey="Roggentin P" first="Peter" last="Roggentin">Peter Roggentin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut für Hygiene und Umwelt, 20539 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut für Hygiene und Umwelt, 20539 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20539 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fruth, Angelika" sort="Fruth, Angelika" uniqKey="Fruth A" first="Angelika" last="Fruth">Angelika Fruth</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Divison of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institut, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Divison of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institut, 38855 Wernigerode</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>38855 Wernigerode</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>38855 Wernigerode</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>38855 Wernigerode</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Denamur, Erick" sort="Denamur, Erick" uniqKey="Denamur E" first="Erick" last="Denamur">Erick Denamur</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Univ. Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Univ. Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75018 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venkatesan, Malabi" sort="Venkatesan, Malabi" uniqKey="Venkatesan M" first="Malabi" last="Venkatesan">Malabi Venkatesan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20910</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bercovier, Herve" sort="Bercovier, Herve" uniqKey="Bercovier H" first="Hervé" last="Bercovier">Hervé Bercovier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem 91120</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bodhidatta, Ladaporn" sort="Bodhidatta, Ladaporn" uniqKey="Bodhidatta L" first="Ladaporn" last="Bodhidatta">Ladaporn Bodhidatta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangkok 10400</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiou, Chien Shun" sort="Chiou, Chien Shun" uniqKey="Chiou C" first="Chien-Shun" last="Chiou">Chien-Shun Chiou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center of Research and Diagnostics, Centers for Disease Control, Taichung 40855, Taiwan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Center of Research and Diagnostics, Centers for Disease Control, Taichung 40855</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Taichung 40855</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clermont, Dominique" sort="Clermont, Dominique" uniqKey="Clermont D" first="Dominique" last="Clermont">Dominique Clermont</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Collection de l'Institut Pasteur (CIP), 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Collection de l'Institut Pasteur (CIP), 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Colonna, Bianca" sort="Colonna, Bianca" uniqKey="Colonna B" first="Bianca" last="Colonna">Bianca Colonna</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Roma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Roma</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Egorova, Svetlana" sort="Egorova, Svetlana" uniqKey="Egorova S" first="Svetlana" last="Egorova">Svetlana Egorova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>St Petersburg 197101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pazhani, Gururaja P" sort="Pazhani, Gururaja P" uniqKey="Pazhani G" first="Gururaja P" last="Pazhani">Gururaja P. Pazhani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>West Bengal 700010</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ezernitchi, Analia V" sort="Ezernitchi, Analia V" uniqKey="Ezernitchi A" first="Analia V" last="Ezernitchi">Analia V. Ezernitchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 91342, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 91342</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem 91342</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guigon, Ghislaine" sort="Guigon, Ghislaine" uniqKey="Guigon G" first="Ghislaine" last="Guigon">Ghislaine Guigon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Simon R" sort="Harris, Simon R" uniqKey="Harris S" first="Simon R" last="Harris">Simon R. Harris</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Izumiya, Hidemasa" sort="Izumiya, Hidemasa" uniqKey="Izumiya H" first="Hidemasa" last="Izumiya">Hidemasa Izumiya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>162-8640</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Korzeniowska Kowal, Agnieszka" sort="Korzeniowska Kowal, Agnieszka" uniqKey="Korzeniowska Kowal A" first="Agnieszka" last="Korzeniowska-Kowal">Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Polish Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Polish Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wroclaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>53-114 Wroclaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luty Ska, Anna" sort="Luty Ska, Anna" uniqKey="Luty Ska A" first="Anna" last="Luty Ska">Anna Luty Ska</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, 00-791 Warsaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>00-791 Warsaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gouali, Malika" sort="Gouali, Malika" uniqKey="Gouali M" first="Malika" last="Gouali">Malika Gouali</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grimont, Francine" sort="Grimont, Francine" uniqKey="Grimont F" first="Francine" last="Grimont">Francine Grimont</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langendorf, Celine" sort="Langendorf, Celine" uniqKey="Langendorf C" first="Céline" last="Langendorf">Céline Langendorf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Epicentre, 75011 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Epicentre, 75011 Paris</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75011 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marejkova, Monika" sort="Marejkova, Monika" uniqKey="Marejkova M" first="Monika" last="Marejková">Monika Marejková</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella, National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella, National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peterson, Lorea A M" sort="Peterson, Lorea A M" uniqKey="Peterson L" first="Lorea A M" last="Peterson">Lorea A M. Peterson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Manitoba R3E 3R2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Perez, Guillermo" sort="Perez Perez, Guillermo" uniqKey="Perez Perez G" first="Guillermo" last="Perez-Perez">Guillermo Perez-Perez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10016</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngandjio, Antoinette" sort="Ngandjio, Antoinette" uniqKey="Ngandjio A" first="Antoinette" last="Ngandjio">Antoinette Ngandjio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Podkolzin, Alexander" sort="Podkolzin, Alexander" uniqKey="Podkolzin A" first="Alexander" last="Podkolzin">Alexander Podkolzin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souche, Erika" sort="Souche, Erika" uniqKey="Souche E" first="Erika" last="Souche">Erika Souche</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Makarova, Mariia" sort="Makarova, Mariia" uniqKey="Makarova M" first="Mariia" last="Makarova">Mariia Makarova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>St Petersburg 197101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shipulin, German A" sort="Shipulin, German A" uniqKey="Shipulin G" first="German A" last="Shipulin">German A. Shipulin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Changyun" sort="Ye, Changyun" uniqKey="Ye C" first="Changyun" last="Ye">Changyun Ye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zemli Kova, Helena" sort="Zemli Kova, Helena" uniqKey="Zemli Kova H" first="Helena" last="Žemli Ková">Helena Žemli Ková</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Czech National Collection of Type Cultures (CNCTC), National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Czech National Collection of Type Cultures (CNCTC), National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herpay, Maria" sort="Herpay, Maria" uniqKey="Herpay M" first="Mária" last="Herpay">Mária Herpay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hungarian National Collection of Medical Bacteria, National Center for Epidemiology, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country><wicri:regionArea>Hungarian National Collection of Medical Bacteria, National Center for Epidemiology, H-1097 Budapest</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>H-1097 Budapest</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grimont, Patrick A D" sort="Grimont, Patrick A D" uniqKey="Grimont P" first="Patrick A D" last="Grimont">Patrick A D. Grimont</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parkhill, Julian" sort="Parkhill, Julian" uniqKey="Parkhill J" first="Julian" last="Parkhill">Julian Parkhill</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sansonetti, Philippe" sort="Sansonetti, Philippe" uniqKey="Sansonetti P" first="Philippe" last="Sansonetti">Philippe Sansonetti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holt, Kathryn E" sort="Holt, Kathryn E" uniqKey="Holt K" first="Kathryn E" last="Holt">Kathryn E. Holt</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brisse, Sylvain" sort="Brisse, Sylvain" uniqKey="Brisse S" first="Sylvain" last="Brisse">Sylvain Brisse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomson, Nicholas R" sort="Thomson, Nicholas R" uniqKey="Thomson N" first="Nicholas R" last="Thomson">Nicholas R. Thomson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weill, Francois Xavier" sort="Weill, Francois Xavier" uniqKey="Weill F" first="François-Xavier" last="Weill">François-Xavier Weill</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature microbiology</title><idno type="eISSN">2058-5276</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Together with plague, smallpox and typhus, epidemics of dysentery have been a major scourge of human populations for centuries(1). A previous genomic study concluded that Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), the epidemic dysentery bacillus, emerged and spread worldwide after the First World War, with no clear pattern of transmission(2). This is not consistent with the massive cyclic dysentery epidemics reported in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries(1,3,4) and the first isolation of Sd1 in Japan in 1897(5). Here, we report a whole-genome analysis of 331 Sd1 isolates from around the world, collected between 1915 and 2011, providing us with unprecedented insight into the historical spread of this pathogen. We show here that Sd1 has existed since at least the eighteenth century and that it swept the globe at the end of the nineteenth century, diversifying into distinct lineages associated with the First World War, Second World War and various conflicts or natural disasters across Africa, Asia and Central America. We also provide a unique historical perspective on the evolution of antibiotic resistance over a 100-year period, beginning decades before the antibiotic era, and identify a prevalent multiple antibiotic-resistant lineage in South Asia that was transmitted in several waves to Africa, where it caused severe outbreaks of disease.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Bangladesh</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Cameroun</li><li>Canada</li><li>France</li><li>Hongrie</li><li>Inde</li><li>Israël</li><li>Italie</li><li>Japon</li><li>Norvège</li><li>Pologne</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Russie</li><li>République centrafricaine</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>République tchèque</li><li>Suède</li><li>Sénégal</li><li>Taïwan</li><li>Thaïlande</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Bohême centrale</li><li>District fédéral central</li><li>Hambourg</li><li>Latium</li><li>Victoria (État)</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li><li>Île-de-France</li><li>Østlandet</li></region><settlement><li>Hambourg</li><li>Melbourne</li><li>Moscou</li><li>Oslo</li><li>Paris</li><li>Prague</li><li>Pékin</li><li>Rome</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Melbourne</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Njamkepo, Elisabeth" sort="Njamkepo, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Njamkepo E" first="Elisabeth" last="Njamkepo">Elisabeth Njamkepo</name></region><name sortKey="Accou Demartin, Marie" sort="Accou Demartin, Marie" uniqKey="Accou Demartin M" first="Marie" last="Accou-Demartin">Marie Accou-Demartin</name><name sortKey="Bizet, Chantal" sort="Bizet, Chantal" uniqKey="Bizet C" first="Chantal" last="Bizet">Chantal Bizet</name><name sortKey="Bouchier, Christiane" sort="Bouchier, Christiane" uniqKey="Bouchier C" first="Christiane" last="Bouchier">Christiane Bouchier</name><name sortKey="Brisse, Sylvain" sort="Brisse, Sylvain" uniqKey="Brisse S" first="Sylvain" last="Brisse">Sylvain Brisse</name><name sortKey="Carle, Isabelle" sort="Carle, Isabelle" uniqKey="Carle I" first="Isabelle" last="Carle">Isabelle Carle</name><name sortKey="Clermont, Dominique" sort="Clermont, Dominique" uniqKey="Clermont D" first="Dominique" last="Clermont">Dominique Clermont</name><name sortKey="Denamur, Erick" sort="Denamur, Erick" uniqKey="Denamur E" first="Erick" last="Denamur">Erick Denamur</name><name sortKey="Fawal, Nizar" sort="Fawal, Nizar" uniqKey="Fawal N" first="Nizar" last="Fawal">Nizar Fawal</name><name sortKey="Gouali, Malika" sort="Gouali, Malika" uniqKey="Gouali M" first="Malika" last="Gouali">Malika Gouali</name><name sortKey="Grimont, Francine" sort="Grimont, Francine" uniqKey="Grimont F" first="Francine" last="Grimont">Francine Grimont</name><name sortKey="Grimont, Patrick A D" sort="Grimont, Patrick A D" uniqKey="Grimont P" first="Patrick A D" last="Grimont">Patrick A D. Grimont</name><name sortKey="Guigon, Ghislaine" sort="Guigon, Ghislaine" uniqKey="Guigon G" first="Ghislaine" last="Guigon">Ghislaine Guigon</name><name sortKey="Hello, Simon Le" sort="Hello, Simon Le" uniqKey="Hello S" first="Simon Le" last="Hello">Simon Le Hello</name><name sortKey="Langendorf, Celine" sort="Langendorf, Celine" uniqKey="Langendorf C" first="Céline" last="Langendorf">Céline Langendorf</name><name sortKey="Lejay Collin, Monique" sort="Lejay Collin, Monique" uniqKey="Lejay Collin M" first="Monique" last="Lejay-Collin">Monique Lejay-Collin</name><name sortKey="Merens, Audrey" sort="Merens, Audrey" uniqKey="Merens A" first="Audrey" last="Mérens">Audrey Mérens</name><name sortKey="Page, Anne Laure" sort="Page, Anne Laure" uniqKey="Page A" first="Anne-Laure" last="Page">Anne-Laure Page</name><name sortKey="Ruckly, Corinne" sort="Ruckly, Corinne" uniqKey="Ruckly C" first="Corinne" last="Ruckly">Corinne Ruckly</name><name sortKey="Sansonetti, Philippe" sort="Sansonetti, Philippe" uniqKey="Sansonetti P" first="Philippe" last="Sansonetti">Philippe Sansonetti</name><name sortKey="Souche, Erika" sort="Souche, Erika" uniqKey="Souche E" first="Erika" last="Souche">Erika Souche</name><name sortKey="Tran Dien, Alicia" sort="Tran Dien, Alicia" uniqKey="Tran Dien A" first="Alicia" last="Tran-Dien">Alicia Tran-Dien</name><name sortKey="Weill, Francois Xavier" sort="Weill, Francois Xavier" uniqKey="Weill F" first="François-Xavier" last="Weill">François-Xavier Weill</name></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Victoria (État)"><name sortKey="Hawkey, Jane" sort="Hawkey, Jane" uniqKey="Hawkey J" first="Jane" last="Hawkey">Jane Hawkey</name></region><name sortKey="Holt, Kathryn E" sort="Holt, Kathryn E" uniqKey="Holt K" first="Kathryn E" last="Holt">Kathryn E. 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Ezernitchi</name></country><country name="Taïwan"><noRegion><name sortKey="Chiou, Chien Shun" sort="Chiou, Chien Shun" uniqKey="Chiou C" first="Chien-Shun" last="Chiou">Chien-Shun Chiou</name></noRegion></country><country name="Italie"><region name="Latium"><name sortKey="Colonna, Bianca" sort="Colonna, Bianca" uniqKey="Colonna B" first="Bianca" last="Colonna">Bianca Colonna</name></region></country><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Izumiya, Hidemasa" sort="Izumiya, Hidemasa" uniqKey="Izumiya H" first="Hidemasa" last="Izumiya">Hidemasa Izumiya</name></noRegion></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Peterson, Lorea A M" sort="Peterson, Lorea A M" uniqKey="Peterson L" first="Lorea A M" last="Peterson">Lorea A M. Peterson</name></noRegion></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ye, Changyun" sort="Ye, Changyun" uniqKey="Ye C" first="Changyun" last="Ye">Changyun Ye</name></noRegion></country><country name="Hongrie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Herpay, Maria" sort="Herpay, Maria" uniqKey="Herpay M" first="Mária" last="Herpay">Mária Herpay</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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